A new model

A new model should include combined DHW and heating to the full extent.
Other key numbers, such as energy performance, energy savings, environmental performance and life cycle cost should be developed in a harmonized way. These key numbers act as a complement to SPF values.
System boundaries should be transparent and comparable with other heating technologies. The use of more than one system boundary allows analyzing parasitic losses from pumps, fans and piping work. The use of different system boundaries also allows to communicate what parts of a heat pump system that working properly or not satisfying in the final installation.
It is important to not only act as a national project in the case of SPF, since much of the activities are on an European or even global level, so the results from this project will be very valuable input to the international work within IEA.

Maintenance

Maintenance F2300 is equipped with control and monitoring equipment, however some exterior maintenance is still necessary. make regular checks throughout the year that the grilles are not clogged by leaves, snow or anything else. Strong wind combined with heavy snowfall can block the intake and exhaust air grilles. make sure that there is no snow on the grilles. the condensation water trough and drain pipe may require cleaning from leaves or similar during the year. If necessary the outer casing can be cleaned using a damp cloth. Care must be exercised so that the heat pump is not scratched when cleaning. avoid spraying water into the grille or the sides so that water penetrates into F2300. prevent F2300 coming into contact with alkaline cleaning agents.

Principle of operatio

Principle of operation this is a simplified version of how it works. the outdoor air is drawn into the heat pump and meets a closed system. the system contains a refrigerant with the capacity to turn into gas at a very low temperature. under high pressure, a compressor considerably increases the temperature of the refrigerant, which is now gaseous. then, using a condenser, the heat is transferred to the house’s heating system, while at the same time the refrigerant reverts to liquid form, ready to turn into gas once more and to collect new heat energy.

Experience

Experience has shown that very few (if any) HVAC systems
are free of all particulate. In fact, particle deposition on
component surfaces starts before the HVAC system is even
installed. Airborne particles in factory settings and assembly
areas are likely to settle on air-handling components and
fiber glass insulation, as well as adhere to the surface of
metal components.
The original installation process will subject the HVAC
system to even more contamination. Construction sites
contain a significant amount of airborne concrete dust,
gypsum dust, sand particles, biological particulate aerosols
and many other airborne contaminants in the ambient air.
These particles often settle on or within the HVAC system
during construction

Assessment, Cleaning, and

Assessment, Cleaning, and
Restoration of HVAC Systems
ACR 2006
Introduction
Maintaining clean heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
(HVAC) systems is an important part of sustaining
acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). When an HVAC system
is a source of contaminants introduced into occupied
spaces, properly performed system cleaning services
should take place to reduce or eliminate contaminant
introduction.
Contaminants in HVAC systems may take many forms.
Common contaminants include dust particles, active
bacterial or fungal growth, debris from rusted HVAC
components, man-made vitreous fibers, mold spores, and
other items

In some areas

In some areas, the creation of a service opening in an HVAC system may require special licensure from the state or
locality. Most state construction industries are regulated by a licensing board or commission authorized by the state
government, and such organizations should be contacted directly for information about a particular state’s requirements.
This Standard includes a new chapter in the appendix titled Guidelines for Constructing Service Openings in HVAC
Systems. The information provided in this chapter is intended as a guideline to assist in the further understanding of
HVAC service system opening construction methods, but its contents are not considered requirements under this
Standard unless specified below.

Each of these locations

Each of these locations may require one or more service openings to properly access the ducts for cleaning and
inspection. The tools used in the installation of the new service openings should be industry-specific for the type(s) of
duct material and construction techniques commonly found in HVAC systems. Proper installation of new service openings
is dependent on the use of the right tool(s) by trained personnel. Nothing in this Standard is intended to prevent the use
of new methods, materials, or technologies in the installation and closure of service openings, provided that they meet the
requirements prescribed by this Standard.
Poorly constructed service openings may have a negative impact on the HVAC system. An air duct system, when
improperly altered, may compromise the system’s structural integrity and fire-rating integrity. Improperly installed service
openings may act as a site for duct leakage. An improperly created or sealed service opening may affect indoor air quality
by serving as a conduit that can expose both the HVAC system and the indoor environment to contaminants. These
potential threats to the safety of the building and its occupants are just two of the reasons for this Standard.

The location

The location and size of new service openings is heavily dependent upon the equipment and methodologies the HVAC
system cleaning contractor will use in the project. However, there are certain strategic locations in most systems where
service openings are made to facilitate inspection. Visual inspection of interior HVAC system surfaces is required as
noted in this Standard.
The most common locations for service openings in air ducts include:
• Adjacent to turning vanes
• Adjacent to dampers (balancing, fire, control, back draft, splitter, etc.)
• Mixing & VAV boxes
• Adjacent to in-duct electric heat strips
• Duct transitions, offsets, and changes of direction
• Adjacent to heating, reheat, & cooling coils
• Adjacent to all other in-duct mechanical components & sensors

Project Specifications

A Note Regarding Service Openings
The National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) recognizes the need for service openings in HVAC system
components, including air ducts, to facilitate inspection and/or cleaning. NADCA has expanded ACR 2006 to define
minimum requirements for the proper construction and installation of service openings. This document should be cited in
Project Specifications for HVAC system cleaning projects to insure proper access and closure of system components.
In nearly all HVAC system cleaning projects, it will be necessary to make new service openings in duct walls in order to
insert cleaning and inspection equipment. The creation of service openings, and their subsequent closure, requires
craftsmanship and professional skills. Where possible, access to duct interiors should be made by dismantling the ducts
or through existing openings such as supply diffusers, return grilles, duct end caps, and existing service openings.
This Standard applies to the majority of HVAC systems, regardless of the type of duct construction. Service openings
created in any type of system component must meet or exceed the requirements defined herein.
There are two general types of service openings: removable duct access doors and permanent closure panels. Duct
access doors are designed so they can be re-opened without dismantling or altering the system. Permanent closure
panels are pieces of HVAC system material that are sealed and/or fastened permanently upon closure of the service
opening. Depending on the methods used to seal permanent closure panels, it may be possible to remove and re-install
them. Permanent closure panels sealed with gasketing may be removed and re-installed; whereas those closure panels
sealed with mastic or caulking should not be removed. If new service openings will be used in the future for inspection or
cleaning, then removable duct access doors may be most appropriate.

Portable electric

Portable electric
vacuum collection
systems offer the most
flexibility in that you
can clean virtually any
type (residential,
apartments, condos,
light commercial and
commercial) of
building with them.
You bring these
collectors into the
building and position
them where you can
be the most
productive. You zone
off (divide up) the
HVAC system to
achieve the suction
you need to clean.
These units operate
on 110 or 220 volt, 50
or 60 Hz., and have
HEPA filtration

It is highly recommended

It is highly recommended users of this document consult applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations. NADCA
does not, by the publication of this document, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws and this
document must never be construed as doing so. The most stringent requirements of this Standard and applicable federal,
state, and local regulation must apply to the assessment, cleaning, or restoration of HVAC systems. The disclaimer at the
conclusion of this document provides additional important information regarding use of this standard.

What should be included

What should be included/ not included in the model?
 It should be possible to decide the energy demand of the house in the model, either by given reference loads, or by choosing a specific energy demand of the house. This should be separated into space heating and domestic hot water.  When the model itself calculates the losses of the house it can be misleading and not sufficient for the actual house. This can be one boundary of the project. Alternatively, typical houses are used in typical climates, both preset in the model.

Requirements for a new calculation model

Requirements for a new calculation model to evaluate SPF from lab measurements
The requirements on a new calculation model differs defpending on the aim of the model. In general, three different uses can be identified: Based on lab data understand the consequences of technology choice in comparison with competing heating technologies To understand the consequences of correct sizing of the heat pump To make a correct dimensioning of the heat pump in a specific house
It should also be possible to study three modes of operation, DHW production, heating or combined DHW production and heating.
Based on the models, it should be possible to make comparisons of e.g. LCC and environmental performance of different systems

The figure illustrate

The figure illustrates the differences in design capacity when using EuP Lot 1 and prEN14825. The lower value corresponds to Lot 1 and the higher value corresponds to prEN14825.
Air to air heat pump Laboratory test data was available for one of the air to air heat pumps that were studied in field. SPF from the field study and SPF from the calculation models are presented in Table 10 below. SCOPnet is the SPF for the heat pump that corresponds to SPF1. SCOPon is SPF for the heat pump with the backup heater included and corresponds to SPF2. SCOP is SPF for the heat pump with both backup heater and parasitic losses included. There are some problems by comparing the laboratory test data and the data from field testing, since the field tests do not include the defrosting periods. Therefore SPF from field testing might turn out a little higher than in reality

Conclusions from comparisons

Conclusions from comparisons
Some of the field installations show different SPF1 despite that the same heat pump model is installed. This can be an indication of how important the sizing of the heat pump is. An oversized heat pump results in for example more part load operation and causes standby losses.  
The calculation models show that there can be benefits when installing a heat pump where the bivalent temperature is higher than the lowest operation temperature of the year, even though backup heating is necessary

The conditions

The conditions for measurements in a laboratory and in field differ with respect to various factors e.g. the boundary conditions. SPF1 in field measurements includes the electrical energy from the heat source brine pump, while “average COP” and “SCOPnet” only includes the head losses. This could make the electrical energy use a little larger for the field measurements, but on the other hand “average COP” and “SCOPnet” also contain head losses for the heat sink side which SPF1 does not. The electrical energy from the heat sink pump for SPF1 is included in SPF3.

Analysis of the results

Analysis of the results
The results from the SPF calculations of the different heat pump installations in field is compared with the results obtained from the laboratory data used in calculation models.  
Ground source heat pumps Most of the heat pumps installed in field operates both in floor heating mode and produces domestic hot water. The measurements include both kind of operations and the results are presented in Table 14and Figure 7 below. SPF for domestic hot water production is always lower compared to operation in heating mode. The energy balances is not 100% complete for the field measurement, which is quite common in field measurements, since heat losses are present, but cannot be measured directly as they can be in the laboratory

Figure 8 The figure s

Figure 8 The figure shows a trend that SPF1 is higher compared to “average COP” and “SCOPnet”. Field measurements imply a higher uncertainty compared to measurements in a laboratory. The bars of error show an error of ±10% to cover the margins of error.
There are two main differences between “average COP” and “SCOPnet“:  There are differences in degradation for part load operation  Lot 1 does not make an capacity balance of the heating demand of the house at each outdoor temperature.  
The last factor results in that the design capacity, Pdesign, turns out to be larger for the house when using SCOPnet compared to “average COP”. The result show that Pdesign for “average COP” is approximately 13-28% lower compared to “average COP” and SPF is approximately 3-4% lower. The degradation of COP is a little bit tougher when using Lot 1 compared to using prEN14825. The comparison is illustrated in Figure 9 below

COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS
Contactor
This control is activated (closed) by the room T-stat for both
heating and cooling. It is de-energized (open) during
emergency heat. The contactor has a 24 Volt coil and
supplies power to the compressor and outdoor fan motor.
Crank Case Heater
These heaters are factory wired in such a manner that they
are in operation whenever the main power supply to the unit
is "ON". It warms the compressor crankcase, preventing liquid
migration and subsequent compressor damage. It is
connected electrically to the contactor L1 and L2 terminals.

Insualation of at least

Insualation of at least 1/2" wall thickness should be used on
the vapor gas line to prevent condensation when cooling and
heat loss when heating. The insulation should be installed
on the tubing prior to installation and should be run the entire
length of the installed line. The end of the tubing over which
the insulation is being slipped should be covered to insure
that no foreign material is introduced to the interior of the
tubing. The outdoor units are equipped with two refrigerant
line service valves, and, as shipped, the valves are in the
front-seated or "down" position.

The supply power

The supply power, voltage, frequency and phase must
coincide with that on the nameplate. All wiring should be
carefully checked against the manufacturer's diagrams or
with the diagram on the unit's access panel. Field wiring
must be connected in accordance with the National Code or
other local codes that may apply. Make certain that the
equipment is adequately grounded per local code
requirements. Use copper wire only between disconnect
and unit.
Over current protection less than that recommended on the
unit's "Specification Sheet" could result in unnecessary fuse
failure and service call. The manufacturer bears no
responsibility for damage caused to the equipment as a result
of not using the recommended size for the protective devices
as listed on the unit's rating plate

Location

Location
Consider the affect of outdoor fan noise on conditioned space
and any adjacent occupied space. It is recommended that
the unit be placed so that discharge does not blow toward
windows less than 25 feet away.
The outdoor unit should be set on a solid, level foundation -
preferably a concrete slab at least 4 inches thick. The slab
should be above ground level and surrounded by a graveled
area for good drainage. Any slab used as a unit's foundation
should not adjoin the building as it is possible that sound and
vibration may be transmitted to the structure. For rooftop
installation, steel or treated wood beams should be used as
unit support for load distribution.
Heat pumps require special location consideration in areas
of heavy snow accumulation and/or areas with prolonged
continuous subfreezing temperatures. Heat pump unit bases
are cutout under the outdoor coil to permit drainage of frost
accumulation. The unit must be situated to permit free
unobstructed drainage of the defrost water and ice. A minimum
3" clearance under the outdoor coil is required in the milder
climates.

Defrost Cycle

Defrost Cycle
If the outdoor ambient conditions are such that frost forms on the
outdoor coil, the defrost control monitors the need for and
initiates and terminates defrost cycles as necessary to maintain
system performance.
The defrost control is time/temperature initiated and temperature
terminated with a maximum defrost time (time-out) of 10 minutes.
The time between defrost cycles is preset at 60-minute intervals
at the factory, but can be field adjusted between 30, 60, or 90
minutes. To adjust the time period between defrost cycles, see
“Adjust Time Between Defrost Cycles.”
The defrost control will initiate a defrost cycle when the selected
time period has elapsed and the defrost sensor sees a
temperature below freezing. At the start of a defrost cycle, the
defrost control will energize the reversing valve solenoid, shifting
the reversing valve and de-energizing the outdoor fan. The
defrost relay will also close, energizing temporary heat for
increased comfort during defrost (if the indoor unit is so
equipped). The heat pump will remain in defrost until the defrost
sensor has determined that the frost has been removed from the
coil or a 10-minute period has elapsed, whichever comes first

Heating

Heating
Upon heating demand, the thermostat closes circuit R to Y, which
closes the heat pump contactor, starting the compressor and
outdoor fan. The reversing valve is not energized in the heating
mode. The thermostat again automatically brings on the indoor
fan at the same time. Upon satisfying heating demand, the
thermostat opens above circuits and stops heat pump operation

Cooling

Cooling
Upon cooling demand, the thermostat closes circuit R to O and Y.
Closing R to O and Y energizes the reversing valve for cooling
operation and closes the heat pump contactor, starting the
compressor and outdoor fan. The thermostat automatically
closes R to G circuit, which also brings on the indoor fan at the
same time. Upon satisfying cooling demand, the thermostat will
open the above circuits and open the main contactor, stopping
the compressor and outdoor fan. If the indoor unit is equipped
with a delay timer, the blower will continue to operate for 60 – 90
seconds which improves system efficiency

Any utilization

Any utilization of concoction sanitizers or biocides in ventilation work ought to be deliberately surveyed by a wellbeing and security proficient before treatment. Issues including unmistakable parasitic development inside ventilation work must be tended to by first deciding the wellspring of dampness and amending this issue. Emulating amendment of the dampness issue, the framework can be cleaned utilizing mechanical systems and cleansers. Permeable HVAC framework materials, for example, protection or fabric channels polluted with noticeable contagious development ought to be disposed of and supplanted.

Taking

 Taking after the utilization of synthetic cleaners, all buildups ought to be totally flushed from the curl surfaces and expelled from the HVAC framework. Part 3, HVAC Operation and Maintenance, examines the imperativeness of routine sterilizing and utilization of biocides in cooling towers to lessen the quantity of microorganisms including Legionella spp.

Potential harm

 Potential harm to sinewy glass protection materials incorporates delaminating, friable material, contagious development, or moist, wet material. In the event that fiber glass protection material must be supplanted, all substitution materials and repair work must fit in with pertinent industry measures and codes. Compound Sanitizers and Biocides  The utilization of synthetic sanitizers or biocides may be important to clean certain HVAC framework parts, for example, warming or cooling curls.

At the point

At the point when utilizing mechanical cleaning strategies, mind must be taken to abstain from harming protected or lined ventilation work. Fiber glass protected parts ought to be cleaned utilizing HEPA sifted fumes gear while the framework is kept up under negative weight. Sinewy glass protected materials distinguished as harmed before or after framework cleaning ought to be recognized and supplanted

The favored

The favored system for cleaning relies on upon the framework segment, sort of trash or pollution, and access to the region. In no case ought to encapsulants or coatings be utilized before or rather than fitting cleaning. Mechanical Cleaning Techniques  Mechanical strategies are valuable to clean certain HVAC segments including ventilation work, fan parts, diffusers, dampers, and inward surfaces of the air taking care of unit. At the point when utilizing mechanical cleaning strategies, strict controls, for example, physical boundaries, gadgets outfitted with HEPA sifted fumes, and framework negative weight must be utilized to contain and gather garbage. Mechanical cleaning routines consolidate strategies to shake and oust material and in addition contain and evacuate it. Tumult gadgets may incorporate force brushes, pressurized air and water frameworks, and hand apparatuses, for example, brushes. Accumulation of removed particulate trash is accomplished by vacuums. A vacuum accumulation gadget with a proper catch speed ought to be joined with an administration opening and worked consistently to gather material as it is unstuck

HVAC

HVAC System Cleaning  For cleaning purposes, the HVAC framework incorporates any inside surface of the air dissemination framework. This incorporates all parts from where the air enters the framework to all purposes of release in the office. Systems to clean HVAC frameworks include both mechanical methods and synthetic sanitizers or biocides