LIMITATIONS FOR HOMES

LIMITATIONS FOR HOMES WITH HEAT PUMPS, ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATING, STEAM HEAT, AND RADIANT FLOOR HEATING

Programmable thermostats are generally not recommended for heat pumps. In its cooling mode, a heat pump operates like an air conditioner, so turning up the thermostat (either manually or with a programmable thermostat) will save energy and money. But when a heat pump is in its heating mode, setting back its thermostat can cause the unit to operate inefficiently, thereby canceling out any savings achieved by lowering the temperature setting. Maintaining a moderate setting is the most cost-effective practice. Recently, however, some companies have begun selling specially designed programmable thermostats for heat pumps, which make setting back the thermostat cost-effective. These thermostats typically use special algorithms to minimize the use of backup electric resistance heat systems.

In the summer

In the summer, you can follow the same strategy with central air conditioning by keeping your house warmer than normal when you are away, and lowering the thermostat setting to 78°F (26°C) only when you are at home and need cooling. Although thermostats can be adjusted manually, programmable thermostats will avoid any discomfort by returning temperatures to normal before you wake or return home.

A common misconception associated with thermostats is that a furnace works harder than normal to warm the space back to a comfortable temperature after the thermostat has been set back, resulting in little or no savings. In fact, as soon as your house drops below its normal temperature, it will lose energy to the surrounding environment more slowly. The lower the interior temperature, the slower the heat loss. So the longer your house remains at the lower temperature, the more energy you save, because your house has lost less energy than it would have at the higher temperature. The same concept applies to raising your thermostat setting in the summer

Zone control

Zone control works best in homes designed to operate in different heating zones, with each zone insulated from the others. In homes not designed for zone control, leaving one section at a lower temperature could cause comfort problems in adjacent rooms because they will lose heat to the cooler parts of the home. Zone control will also work best when the cooler sections of the home can be isolated from the others by closing doors. In some cases, new doors may be needed to isolate one area from another. Cooler parts of the home should be kept around 50°F to prevent water pipes from freezing. Never shut off heat entirely in an unused part of your home

GENERAL THERMOSTAT OPERATION

You can save money on your heating and cooling bills by simply resetting your thermostat when you are asleep or away from home. You can do this automatically without sacrificing comfort by installing an automatic setback or programmable thermostat.

Using a programmable thermostat, you can adjust the times you turn on the heating or air-conditioning according to a pre-set schedule. Programmable thermostats can store and repeat multiple daily settings (six or more temperature settings a day) that you can manually override without affecting the rest of the daily or weekly program.

GENERAL THERMOSTAT OPERATION

You can easily save energy in the winter by setting the thermostat to 68°F while you're awake and setting it lower while you're asleep or away from home. By turning your thermostat back 10° to 15° for 8 hours, you can save 5% to 15% a year on your heating bill -- a savings of as much as 1% for each degree if the setback period is eight hours long. The percentage of savings from setback is greater for buildings in milder climates than for those in more severe climates.

HOT WATER RADIATORS

HOT WATER RADIATORS

Hot-water radiators are one of the most common heat distribution systems in newer homes, second only to forced-air systems. They are typically a baseboard-type radiator or an upright design that resembles steam radiators. The most common problem in hot-water systems is unwanted air in the system. At the start of each heating season, while the system is running, go from radiator to radiator and open each bleed valve slightly, then close it when water starts to escape through the valve. For multi-level homes, start at the top floor and work your way down.

One way to save energy in hot-water systems is to retrofit them to provide separate zone control for different areas of large homes. Zone control is most effective when large areas of the home are not used often or are used on a different schedule than other parts of the home

In two-pipe systems,

In two-pipe systems, older steam traps often stick in either the open or closed position, throwing off the balance in the system. If you seem to have problems with some radiators providing too much heat and others providing too little, this might be the cause. The best approach is often to simply replace all the steam traps in the system.

Steam radiators located on exterior walls can cause heat loss by radiating heat through the wall to the outdoors. To prevent such heat loss, you can install heat reflectors behind these radiators. You can make your own reflector from foil-covered cardboard, available from many building supply stores, or by mounting foil onto a foam board or other similar insulating surface. The foil should face away from the wall, and the reflector should be the same size or slightly larger than the radiator. Periodically clean the reflectors to maintain maximum heat reflection.

Regular maintenance

Regular maintenance for steam radiators depends on whether the radiator is a one-pipe system (the pipe that supplies steam also returns condensate) or a two-pipe system (a separate pipe returns condensate). One-pipe systems use automatic air vents on each radiator, which bleed air as steam fills the system and then shut automatically when steam reaches the vent. A clogged air vent will keep a steam radiator from heating up. An air vent stuck open allows steam to continually escape to the living space, raising relative humidity and wasting fuel. Air vents can sometimes be cleaned by boiling them in a water and vinegar solution, but usually need to be replaced.

Steam radiators can also warp the floor they are sitting on and their thermal expansion and contraction over time can dig ruts into the floor. Both of these effects can cause the radiator to tilt, preventing water from properly draining from the radiator when it cools. This will cause banging noises when the radiator is heating up. Shims should be inserted under radiators to pitch them slightly toward the pipe in a one-pipe system or toward the steam trap in a two-pipe system.

STEAM RADIATORS

STEAM RADIATORS

Steam heating is one of the oldest heating technologies, but the process of boiling and condensing water is inherently less efficient than more modern systems, plus it typically suffers from significant lag times between the boiler turning on and the heat arriving in the radiators. As a result, steam systems make it difficult to implement control strategies such as a night setback system.

The first central heating systems for buildings used steam distribution because steam moves itself through piping without the use of pumps. Non-insulated steam pipes often deliver unwanted heat to unfinished areas, making fiberglass pipe insulation -- which can withstand high temperatures—very cost-effective.

MAINTAINING AND UPGRADING EXISTING DUCT SYSTEMS

MAINTAINING AND UPGRADING EXISTING DUCT SYSTEMS

Aside from sealing your ducts, the simplest and most effective means of maintaining your air distribution system is to assure that furniture and other objects are not blocking the airflow through your registers, and to vacuum the registers to remove any dust buildup.

Existing duct systems often suffer from design deficiencies in the return air system, and modifications by the homeowner (or just a tendency to keep doors closed) may contribute to these problems. Any rooms with a lack of sufficient return airflow may benefit from relatively simple upgrades, such as the installation of new return-air grilles, undercutting doors for return air, or installing a jumper duct.

At a colder outdoor

Karlsson [8]. At a colder outdoor temperature, the supply temperature should peak; this makes the test scheme tables in EN 14511 deficient. Also other heat distribution systems, such as under floor heating, and mixed systems should be included in the model.
 Part load performance of the heat pump must be properly taken into account, and be based on relevant testing standards.
Night set back is a choice in some calculation models; this is not relevant for heat pumps and should not be a part in a new calculation model.
 Back up heaters is sometimes necessary to complete the energy demand of the house. Back up heaters should be included in the calculation model. Supplementary heating should be possible to choose between different sources of supplementary heat, e.g. electricity, solar or biomass heating.

The possibility

The possibility to include the production of domestic hot water to the SPF calculations is also a necessity in future calculation models. It should also be described how this shall be measured in tests alternatively, how the amount of produced domestic hot water shall be estimated. Today there are two main ways how to do the measurements, including the losses or not (one can measure the amount of energy that is obtained by tappings or the amount of tap water the heat pump is producing). A lot of work has already been done in this respect in the IEA HPP Annex 28 [13]. Also, there is a CEN standard on the way on how to treat DHW production. This standard however does not take into consideration combined heating and DHW production.
 Accumulators should be possible to include in the model.  
 A model must contain clear system boundaries for what is to be included in the calculations and how measurements are performed. As a basis, the system boundaries presented in the SEPEMO project [12] is recommended.
 The model must be transparent so it is possible to follow and understand the calculations. The studied models all contain parts that are more or less transparent. For example how the estimation of the number of equivalent heating hours is performed is not shown in any method

An outcome of the results

An outcome of the results should be to see that a properly sized heat pump is the best alternative to install. An oversized heat pump will result in unnecessary on/off cycling losses and an undersized heat pump will result in unnecessary high back-up heating.
For the calculation, either BIN methods or hour by hour calculations could be used. The existing calculation models based on heat pump performance testing according to standards are all using BIN models. Therefore, to keep a clear connection to existing test standards, it is the easiest to base a new model on BIN models. A hybrid model using chronological BIN’s could also be an interesting option to look into.
The drawback with this approach might be that dynamic effects, especially in cases with large or well stratified accumulators are not treated in a way that the full potential of these units are revealed. In the proposed IEA Annex, a thorough investigation of the positive and negative effects of these approaches should be performed

Conclusions

Conclusions
For a new calculation method to better represent real SPF values there is a need to rely on consistent sets of performance data acquired from lab testing. These lab testings guarantee consistency, repeatability and reliability.  
If the objective is to give better values for individual houses, more details on the building envelope, climate data etc. must be provided for the specific setup.  
If the objective is to give reliable values for typical conditions, type houses in type climates should be used, but with better details than currently used in existing model

A new model

A new model should include combined DHW and heating to the full extent.
Other key numbers, such as energy performance, energy savings, environmental performance and life cycle cost should be developed in a harmonized way. These key numbers act as a complement to SPF values.
System boundaries should be transparent and comparable with other heating technologies. The use of more than one system boundary allows analyzing parasitic losses from pumps, fans and piping work. The use of different system boundaries also allows to communicate what parts of a heat pump system that working properly or not satisfying in the final installation.
It is important to not only act as a national project in the case of SPF, since much of the activities are on an European or even global level, so the results from this project will be very valuable input to the international work within IEA.

Maintenance

Maintenance F2300 is equipped with control and monitoring equipment, however some exterior maintenance is still necessary. make regular checks throughout the year that the grilles are not clogged by leaves, snow or anything else. Strong wind combined with heavy snowfall can block the intake and exhaust air grilles. make sure that there is no snow on the grilles. the condensation water trough and drain pipe may require cleaning from leaves or similar during the year. If necessary the outer casing can be cleaned using a damp cloth. Care must be exercised so that the heat pump is not scratched when cleaning. avoid spraying water into the grille or the sides so that water penetrates into F2300. prevent F2300 coming into contact with alkaline cleaning agents.

Principle of operatio

Principle of operation this is a simplified version of how it works. the outdoor air is drawn into the heat pump and meets a closed system. the system contains a refrigerant with the capacity to turn into gas at a very low temperature. under high pressure, a compressor considerably increases the temperature of the refrigerant, which is now gaseous. then, using a condenser, the heat is transferred to the house’s heating system, while at the same time the refrigerant reverts to liquid form, ready to turn into gas once more and to collect new heat energy.

Experience

Experience has shown that very few (if any) HVAC systems
are free of all particulate. In fact, particle deposition on
component surfaces starts before the HVAC system is even
installed. Airborne particles in factory settings and assembly
areas are likely to settle on air-handling components and
fiber glass insulation, as well as adhere to the surface of
metal components.
The original installation process will subject the HVAC
system to even more contamination. Construction sites
contain a significant amount of airborne concrete dust,
gypsum dust, sand particles, biological particulate aerosols
and many other airborne contaminants in the ambient air.
These particles often settle on or within the HVAC system
during construction

Assessment, Cleaning, and

Assessment, Cleaning, and
Restoration of HVAC Systems
ACR 2006
Introduction
Maintaining clean heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
(HVAC) systems is an important part of sustaining
acceptable indoor air quality (IAQ). When an HVAC system
is a source of contaminants introduced into occupied
spaces, properly performed system cleaning services
should take place to reduce or eliminate contaminant
introduction.
Contaminants in HVAC systems may take many forms.
Common contaminants include dust particles, active
bacterial or fungal growth, debris from rusted HVAC
components, man-made vitreous fibers, mold spores, and
other items

In some areas

In some areas, the creation of a service opening in an HVAC system may require special licensure from the state or
locality. Most state construction industries are regulated by a licensing board or commission authorized by the state
government, and such organizations should be contacted directly for information about a particular state’s requirements.
This Standard includes a new chapter in the appendix titled Guidelines for Constructing Service Openings in HVAC
Systems. The information provided in this chapter is intended as a guideline to assist in the further understanding of
HVAC service system opening construction methods, but its contents are not considered requirements under this
Standard unless specified below.

Each of these locations

Each of these locations may require one or more service openings to properly access the ducts for cleaning and
inspection. The tools used in the installation of the new service openings should be industry-specific for the type(s) of
duct material and construction techniques commonly found in HVAC systems. Proper installation of new service openings
is dependent on the use of the right tool(s) by trained personnel. Nothing in this Standard is intended to prevent the use
of new methods, materials, or technologies in the installation and closure of service openings, provided that they meet the
requirements prescribed by this Standard.
Poorly constructed service openings may have a negative impact on the HVAC system. An air duct system, when
improperly altered, may compromise the system’s structural integrity and fire-rating integrity. Improperly installed service
openings may act as a site for duct leakage. An improperly created or sealed service opening may affect indoor air quality
by serving as a conduit that can expose both the HVAC system and the indoor environment to contaminants. These
potential threats to the safety of the building and its occupants are just two of the reasons for this Standard.

The location

The location and size of new service openings is heavily dependent upon the equipment and methodologies the HVAC
system cleaning contractor will use in the project. However, there are certain strategic locations in most systems where
service openings are made to facilitate inspection. Visual inspection of interior HVAC system surfaces is required as
noted in this Standard.
The most common locations for service openings in air ducts include:
• Adjacent to turning vanes
• Adjacent to dampers (balancing, fire, control, back draft, splitter, etc.)
• Mixing & VAV boxes
• Adjacent to in-duct electric heat strips
• Duct transitions, offsets, and changes of direction
• Adjacent to heating, reheat, & cooling coils
• Adjacent to all other in-duct mechanical components & sensors

Project Specifications

A Note Regarding Service Openings
The National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) recognizes the need for service openings in HVAC system
components, including air ducts, to facilitate inspection and/or cleaning. NADCA has expanded ACR 2006 to define
minimum requirements for the proper construction and installation of service openings. This document should be cited in
Project Specifications for HVAC system cleaning projects to insure proper access and closure of system components.
In nearly all HVAC system cleaning projects, it will be necessary to make new service openings in duct walls in order to
insert cleaning and inspection equipment. The creation of service openings, and their subsequent closure, requires
craftsmanship and professional skills. Where possible, access to duct interiors should be made by dismantling the ducts
or through existing openings such as supply diffusers, return grilles, duct end caps, and existing service openings.
This Standard applies to the majority of HVAC systems, regardless of the type of duct construction. Service openings
created in any type of system component must meet or exceed the requirements defined herein.
There are two general types of service openings: removable duct access doors and permanent closure panels. Duct
access doors are designed so they can be re-opened without dismantling or altering the system. Permanent closure
panels are pieces of HVAC system material that are sealed and/or fastened permanently upon closure of the service
opening. Depending on the methods used to seal permanent closure panels, it may be possible to remove and re-install
them. Permanent closure panels sealed with gasketing may be removed and re-installed; whereas those closure panels
sealed with mastic or caulking should not be removed. If new service openings will be used in the future for inspection or
cleaning, then removable duct access doors may be most appropriate.

Portable electric

Portable electric
vacuum collection
systems offer the most
flexibility in that you
can clean virtually any
type (residential,
apartments, condos,
light commercial and
commercial) of
building with them.
You bring these
collectors into the
building and position
them where you can
be the most
productive. You zone
off (divide up) the
HVAC system to
achieve the suction
you need to clean.
These units operate
on 110 or 220 volt, 50
or 60 Hz., and have
HEPA filtration

It is highly recommended

It is highly recommended users of this document consult applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations. NADCA
does not, by the publication of this document, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws and this
document must never be construed as doing so. The most stringent requirements of this Standard and applicable federal,
state, and local regulation must apply to the assessment, cleaning, or restoration of HVAC systems. The disclaimer at the
conclusion of this document provides additional important information regarding use of this standard.

What should be included

What should be included/ not included in the model?
 It should be possible to decide the energy demand of the house in the model, either by given reference loads, or by choosing a specific energy demand of the house. This should be separated into space heating and domestic hot water.  When the model itself calculates the losses of the house it can be misleading and not sufficient for the actual house. This can be one boundary of the project. Alternatively, typical houses are used in typical climates, both preset in the model.

Requirements for a new calculation model

Requirements for a new calculation model to evaluate SPF from lab measurements
The requirements on a new calculation model differs defpending on the aim of the model. In general, three different uses can be identified: Based on lab data understand the consequences of technology choice in comparison with competing heating technologies To understand the consequences of correct sizing of the heat pump To make a correct dimensioning of the heat pump in a specific house
It should also be possible to study three modes of operation, DHW production, heating or combined DHW production and heating.
Based on the models, it should be possible to make comparisons of e.g. LCC and environmental performance of different systems

The figure illustrate

The figure illustrates the differences in design capacity when using EuP Lot 1 and prEN14825. The lower value corresponds to Lot 1 and the higher value corresponds to prEN14825.
Air to air heat pump Laboratory test data was available for one of the air to air heat pumps that were studied in field. SPF from the field study and SPF from the calculation models are presented in Table 10 below. SCOPnet is the SPF for the heat pump that corresponds to SPF1. SCOPon is SPF for the heat pump with the backup heater included and corresponds to SPF2. SCOP is SPF for the heat pump with both backup heater and parasitic losses included. There are some problems by comparing the laboratory test data and the data from field testing, since the field tests do not include the defrosting periods. Therefore SPF from field testing might turn out a little higher than in reality

Conclusions from comparisons

Conclusions from comparisons
Some of the field installations show different SPF1 despite that the same heat pump model is installed. This can be an indication of how important the sizing of the heat pump is. An oversized heat pump results in for example more part load operation and causes standby losses.  
The calculation models show that there can be benefits when installing a heat pump where the bivalent temperature is higher than the lowest operation temperature of the year, even though backup heating is necessary

The conditions

The conditions for measurements in a laboratory and in field differ with respect to various factors e.g. the boundary conditions. SPF1 in field measurements includes the electrical energy from the heat source brine pump, while “average COP” and “SCOPnet” only includes the head losses. This could make the electrical energy use a little larger for the field measurements, but on the other hand “average COP” and “SCOPnet” also contain head losses for the heat sink side which SPF1 does not. The electrical energy from the heat sink pump for SPF1 is included in SPF3.

Analysis of the results

Analysis of the results
The results from the SPF calculations of the different heat pump installations in field is compared with the results obtained from the laboratory data used in calculation models.  
Ground source heat pumps Most of the heat pumps installed in field operates both in floor heating mode and produces domestic hot water. The measurements include both kind of operations and the results are presented in Table 14and Figure 7 below. SPF for domestic hot water production is always lower compared to operation in heating mode. The energy balances is not 100% complete for the field measurement, which is quite common in field measurements, since heat losses are present, but cannot be measured directly as they can be in the laboratory

Figure 8 The figure s

Figure 8 The figure shows a trend that SPF1 is higher compared to “average COP” and “SCOPnet”. Field measurements imply a higher uncertainty compared to measurements in a laboratory. The bars of error show an error of ±10% to cover the margins of error.
There are two main differences between “average COP” and “SCOPnet“:  There are differences in degradation for part load operation  Lot 1 does not make an capacity balance of the heating demand of the house at each outdoor temperature.  
The last factor results in that the design capacity, Pdesign, turns out to be larger for the house when using SCOPnet compared to “average COP”. The result show that Pdesign for “average COP” is approximately 13-28% lower compared to “average COP” and SPF is approximately 3-4% lower. The degradation of COP is a little bit tougher when using Lot 1 compared to using prEN14825. The comparison is illustrated in Figure 9 below

COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS
Contactor
This control is activated (closed) by the room T-stat for both
heating and cooling. It is de-energized (open) during
emergency heat. The contactor has a 24 Volt coil and
supplies power to the compressor and outdoor fan motor.
Crank Case Heater
These heaters are factory wired in such a manner that they
are in operation whenever the main power supply to the unit
is "ON". It warms the compressor crankcase, preventing liquid
migration and subsequent compressor damage. It is
connected electrically to the contactor L1 and L2 terminals.

Insualation of at least

Insualation of at least 1/2" wall thickness should be used on
the vapor gas line to prevent condensation when cooling and
heat loss when heating. The insulation should be installed
on the tubing prior to installation and should be run the entire
length of the installed line. The end of the tubing over which
the insulation is being slipped should be covered to insure
that no foreign material is introduced to the interior of the
tubing. The outdoor units are equipped with two refrigerant
line service valves, and, as shipped, the valves are in the
front-seated or "down" position.

The supply power

The supply power, voltage, frequency and phase must
coincide with that on the nameplate. All wiring should be
carefully checked against the manufacturer's diagrams or
with the diagram on the unit's access panel. Field wiring
must be connected in accordance with the National Code or
other local codes that may apply. Make certain that the
equipment is adequately grounded per local code
requirements. Use copper wire only between disconnect
and unit.
Over current protection less than that recommended on the
unit's "Specification Sheet" could result in unnecessary fuse
failure and service call. The manufacturer bears no
responsibility for damage caused to the equipment as a result
of not using the recommended size for the protective devices
as listed on the unit's rating plate

Location

Location
Consider the affect of outdoor fan noise on conditioned space
and any adjacent occupied space. It is recommended that
the unit be placed so that discharge does not blow toward
windows less than 25 feet away.
The outdoor unit should be set on a solid, level foundation -
preferably a concrete slab at least 4 inches thick. The slab
should be above ground level and surrounded by a graveled
area for good drainage. Any slab used as a unit's foundation
should not adjoin the building as it is possible that sound and
vibration may be transmitted to the structure. For rooftop
installation, steel or treated wood beams should be used as
unit support for load distribution.
Heat pumps require special location consideration in areas
of heavy snow accumulation and/or areas with prolonged
continuous subfreezing temperatures. Heat pump unit bases
are cutout under the outdoor coil to permit drainage of frost
accumulation. The unit must be situated to permit free
unobstructed drainage of the defrost water and ice. A minimum
3" clearance under the outdoor coil is required in the milder
climates.

Defrost Cycle

Defrost Cycle
If the outdoor ambient conditions are such that frost forms on the
outdoor coil, the defrost control monitors the need for and
initiates and terminates defrost cycles as necessary to maintain
system performance.
The defrost control is time/temperature initiated and temperature
terminated with a maximum defrost time (time-out) of 10 minutes.
The time between defrost cycles is preset at 60-minute intervals
at the factory, but can be field adjusted between 30, 60, or 90
minutes. To adjust the time period between defrost cycles, see
“Adjust Time Between Defrost Cycles.”
The defrost control will initiate a defrost cycle when the selected
time period has elapsed and the defrost sensor sees a
temperature below freezing. At the start of a defrost cycle, the
defrost control will energize the reversing valve solenoid, shifting
the reversing valve and de-energizing the outdoor fan. The
defrost relay will also close, energizing temporary heat for
increased comfort during defrost (if the indoor unit is so
equipped). The heat pump will remain in defrost until the defrost
sensor has determined that the frost has been removed from the
coil or a 10-minute period has elapsed, whichever comes first

Heating

Heating
Upon heating demand, the thermostat closes circuit R to Y, which
closes the heat pump contactor, starting the compressor and
outdoor fan. The reversing valve is not energized in the heating
mode. The thermostat again automatically brings on the indoor
fan at the same time. Upon satisfying heating demand, the
thermostat opens above circuits and stops heat pump operation

Cooling

Cooling
Upon cooling demand, the thermostat closes circuit R to O and Y.
Closing R to O and Y energizes the reversing valve for cooling
operation and closes the heat pump contactor, starting the
compressor and outdoor fan. The thermostat automatically
closes R to G circuit, which also brings on the indoor fan at the
same time. Upon satisfying cooling demand, the thermostat will
open the above circuits and open the main contactor, stopping
the compressor and outdoor fan. If the indoor unit is equipped
with a delay timer, the blower will continue to operate for 60 – 90
seconds which improves system efficiency

Any utilization

Any utilization of concoction sanitizers or biocides in ventilation work ought to be deliberately surveyed by a wellbeing and security proficient before treatment. Issues including unmistakable parasitic development inside ventilation work must be tended to by first deciding the wellspring of dampness and amending this issue. Emulating amendment of the dampness issue, the framework can be cleaned utilizing mechanical systems and cleansers. Permeable HVAC framework materials, for example, protection or fabric channels polluted with noticeable contagious development ought to be disposed of and supplanted.

Taking

 Taking after the utilization of synthetic cleaners, all buildups ought to be totally flushed from the curl surfaces and expelled from the HVAC framework. Part 3, HVAC Operation and Maintenance, examines the imperativeness of routine sterilizing and utilization of biocides in cooling towers to lessen the quantity of microorganisms including Legionella spp.

Potential harm

 Potential harm to sinewy glass protection materials incorporates delaminating, friable material, contagious development, or moist, wet material. In the event that fiber glass protection material must be supplanted, all substitution materials and repair work must fit in with pertinent industry measures and codes. Compound Sanitizers and Biocides  The utilization of synthetic sanitizers or biocides may be important to clean certain HVAC framework parts, for example, warming or cooling curls.

At the point

At the point when utilizing mechanical cleaning strategies, mind must be taken to abstain from harming protected or lined ventilation work. Fiber glass protected parts ought to be cleaned utilizing HEPA sifted fumes gear while the framework is kept up under negative weight. Sinewy glass protected materials distinguished as harmed before or after framework cleaning ought to be recognized and supplanted

The favored

The favored system for cleaning relies on upon the framework segment, sort of trash or pollution, and access to the region. In no case ought to encapsulants or coatings be utilized before or rather than fitting cleaning. Mechanical Cleaning Techniques  Mechanical strategies are valuable to clean certain HVAC segments including ventilation work, fan parts, diffusers, dampers, and inward surfaces of the air taking care of unit. At the point when utilizing mechanical cleaning strategies, strict controls, for example, physical boundaries, gadgets outfitted with HEPA sifted fumes, and framework negative weight must be utilized to contain and gather garbage. Mechanical cleaning routines consolidate strategies to shake and oust material and in addition contain and evacuate it. Tumult gadgets may incorporate force brushes, pressurized air and water frameworks, and hand apparatuses, for example, brushes. Accumulation of removed particulate trash is accomplished by vacuums. A vacuum accumulation gadget with a proper catch speed ought to be joined with an administration opening and worked consistently to gather material as it is unstuck

HVAC

HVAC System Cleaning  For cleaning purposes, the HVAC framework incorporates any inside surface of the air dissemination framework. This incorporates all parts from where the air enters the framework to all purposes of release in the office. Systems to clean HVAC frameworks include both mechanical methods and synthetic sanitizers or biocides

Determining

Determining HVAC System Cleanliness  HVAC system cleanliness should be evaluated by visual inspection or an approved vacuum test method as outlined in appropriate NADCA standards. An HVAC interior surface is considered visibly clean when it is free of non-adhered debris. Vacuum test methods include visual surface comparison of “clean” areas before and after vacuuming as well as sampling a known surface area to determine the net weight of debris per area sampled to compare to an acceptable NADCA level.

The scope of work

(A) The scope of work for this project will include cleaning of all HVAC ductwork and accessories
at the Putnam Elementary School, Middle School and High School. The extent of ductwork to be
cleaned shall be determined by review of available construction documents and field verification.
(B) The Contractor shall be responsible for the removal of visible surface contaminants and
deposits from within the HVAC system in strict accordance with these specifications.
(C) The HVAC system includes any interior surface of the facility’s air distribution system for
conditioned spaces and/or occupied zones. This includes all Heating, Ventilating and Air
Conditioning systems from the points where the air enters the system to the points where the air is
discharged from the system. The return air grilles, return air ducts to the air handling unit (AHU),
interior surfaces of the AHU, mixing box, coil compartment, condensate drain pans, supply air
ducts, fans, fan housing, fan blades, turning vanes, filters, filter housings, reheat coils, and supply
diffusers are all considered part of the HVAC system. The HVAC system may also include other
components such as dedicated exhaust and ventilation components and make-up air systems.
The Kitchen Hood Exhaust systems are not included in the scope of work.

frameworks

The UCIAQ Committee demoralizes the utilization of concoction sanitizers or biocides to treat building supply and return ventilation work. Albeit numerous antimicrobial items are EPA endorsed for utilization on hard, non-permeable surfaces, these items were not particularly intended for utilization in HVAC frameworks and have not been assessed for potential inhabitant wellbeing presentation issues.

2.08 POST PROJECT REPORT

2.08 POST PROJECT REPORT
(A) At the conclusion of the project, the Contractor shall provide a report to the owner indicating
the following:
1. Success of the cleaning project, as verified through visual inspection and/or
gravimetric analysis.
2. Areas of the system found to be damaged and/or in need of repair.

If visible contaminants

If visible contaminants are evident through visual inspection, those portions of
the system where contaminants are visible shall be re-cleaned and subjected to
re-inspection for cleanliness.
3. NADCA vacuum test analysis should be performed by a qualified third party
experienced in testing of this nature.
(C) Verification of Coil Cleaning
1. Cleaning must restore the coil pressure drop to within 10 percent of the pressure
drop measured when the coil was first installed. If the original pressure drop is
not known, the coil will be considered clean only if the coil is free of foreign matter
and chemical

CLEANLINESS VERIFICATION

 CLEANLINESS VERIFICATION
(A) General
Verification of HVAC System cleanliness will be determined after mechanical cleaning and before
the application of any treatment or introduction of any treatment-related substance to the HVAC
system, including antimicrobial agents and coatings.
(B) Visual Inspection
The HVAC system shall be inspected visually to ensure that no visible contaminants are present.
1. If no contaminants are evident through visual inspection, the HVAC system shall
be considered clean; however, the owner reserves the right to further verify
system cleanliness through Surface Comparison Testing or the NADCA vacuum
test specified in the NADCA standards.

Antimicrobial Agents and Coatings

 Antimicrobial Agents and Coatings
1. Antimicrobial agents shall only be applied if active fungal growth is reasonably
suspected, or where unacceptable levels of fungal contamination have been
verified through testing.
2. Application of any antimicrobial agents used to control the growth of fungal or
bacteriological contaminants shall be performed after the removal of surface
deposits and debris.
3. When used, antimicrobial treatments and coatings shall be applied in strict
accordance with the manufacturer’s written recommendations and EPA
registration listing.
4. Antimicrobial coatings shall be applied according to the manufacturer’s written
instructions. Coatings shall be sprayed directly

All methods require

All methods require mechanical agitation devices to dislodge debris adhered to
interior HVAC system surfaces, such that debris may be safely conveyed to
vacuum collection devices. Acceptable methods will include those, which will not
potentially damage the integrity of the ductwork, nor damage porous surface
materials such as liners inside the ductwork or system components.
(D) Cleaning of Coils
1. Any cleaning method may be used which will render the Coil Visibly Clean and
capable of passing Coil Cleaning Verification (see applicable Industry Standards).
Coil drain pans shall be subject to Non-Porous Surfaces Cleaning Verification.
The drain for the condensate drain pan shall be operational. Cleaning methods
shall not cause any appreciable damage to, displacement of, inhibit heat transfer,
or erosion of the coil surface or fins, and shall conform to coil manufacturer
recommendations when available. Coils shall be thoroughly rinsed with clean
water to remove any latent residues.

All vacuum

All vacuum devices exhausting air outside the facility shall be equipped with
Particulate Collection including adequate filtration to contain Debris removed from
the HVAC system. Such devices shall exhaust in a manner that will not allow
contaminants to re-enter the facility. Release of debris outdoors must not violate
any outdoor environmental standards, codes or regulations

Features

Features    * CE Certificated    * Range from ¾" to 2"    * Flow Restrictor as standard    * Flow Regulation from 0 to 100%    * Full-wave Rectified Coil for quiet operation    * Normally Closed operation    * 200mbar maximum working pressure    * Pressure Test Points on Inlet and Outlet    * Approved to EN161 Group 2, Class A    * Available as Fast or Slow Opening    * Built in filter    * Available with Closed Position Indicator Switch    * 230V, 110V and 24V AC 50/60Hz Versions    * Range of accessories available    * Supplied with PG11 Cable Gland

Series 2000

Series 2000 is a range of Solenoid Operated Safety Shut-off Valves. Their primary application is the on/off control of low pressure 1st (town gas), 2nd (natural gas) and 3rd (LPG) family gases, although they may also be used as control valves for devices such as automatic burners and for low pressure air applications.
The valves are available in screwed connections from ¾” up to 2” and have Flow Adjustment as a standard feature. Slow Opening valves are available and CPI Switches are available as an extra. All valves are supplied with plugged Pressure Test Points in both Inlet and Outlet Ports on both sides of the valve.
The valve construction is of an aluminium die-cast body with a solenoid actuator and is maintenance free. There are no user serviceable parts to the valve. Upon being energised, the fast opening valve will open instantaneously whilst the slow opening valve will open.

Pressure Sender

Pressure Sender The differential gas pressure proving method, as developed and patented by Medem, operates by measuring the pressure differentially across the inlet and the outlet of a gas isolation valve using micro transducers. All other systems can only see the gas pressure when the valve is open.
Differential proving enables the supply pressure to be measured before the associated isolation valve is opened. This means that in the event of gas over pressure or under pressure the valve would remain safely shut and reported on the system LCD

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Sensor CO2 detection is designed to deal with its production either via cooking or biological processes (namely breathing).  
CO2 is roughly equal weight and density as air it will therefore naturally diffuse equally within a space.
CO2 detectors are for the purpose of monitoring the air quality within an area to ensure adequate ventilation is taking place, as such the detectors should be located with the main body of the room within the “breathing zone” (4 to 8 feet) but not in such a place they'd likely be exposed to a potential release point (i.e. someone breathing on it).

Current Monitoring

Current Monitoring It is a requirement that any mechanical ventilation within a kitchen environment (both supply and extract) is switched on and running before the use of any gas appliances can take place.
With the VGPS-K if the ventilation is not switched on, the LCD display informs the operator that the fans are off and to switch on the fans and restart the panel.
With the fans on and running the system will then perform a down- stream integrity check using our patented “Differential Pressure Proving” metho

Kitchen Ventilation

Kitchen Ventilation Controls Our unique kitchen ventilation controls and intelligent sensors have been developed to deliver optimum control and ease of use of all our ventilation systems.
The VGPS - K - CO 2 offers a complete single panel package patented by our controls specialist
The system is easy to use because an LCD display gives solutions and full status information.
The system ensures all fans are running before gas can be used. It also carries out a gas pressure prove on the cook line and continually checks that the incoming gas pressure is sufficient.
In addition, it monitors the carbon dioxide level to ensure that HSE set levels are not exceeded. Should the carbon dioxide level rise above 2,300ppm the panel LCD will advise staff to increase the ventilation fan speed at the speed controllers.” The maximum allowed level of carbon dioxide is 2,800ppm, as published in HSE catering sheet 23 revision 1

Framework

Framework counts are rapidly accessible by entering the machine subtle elements and the planned kitchen covering setup and measurements into our icalc estimating framework.

We work nearly with neighborhood powers, M&e Engineers and primary builders to guarantee full agreeability to current enactment.

Airtherm's outline office, contract designers and site establishment groups have an extensive variety of learning and experience.

Ventures are done to guarantee full consistence with all statutory necessities and guidelines.

Whatever the prerequisites of your undertaking, we promise an answer of the most astounding quality, that has been thoroughly tried and offers remarkable execution in its field.

Autocad drawings are created by our profoundly encounter group of specialists for endorsement

stains in your bathroom

Are there stains in your bathroom, discolouration around window sashes and layers of dust on the top of bookcases and wardrobes? A general lack of ventilation can cause a build up of moisture and stale air, inevitably leading to mould, dust and bad odours. Preventing indoor air quality problems can be affordable and easy, and you’d be surprised how much easier it will make cleaning your home.

Most importantly, effective ventilation ensures you and your family are living within a healthy environment. Reducing the amount of dust in your home will help everyone breathe easier, while moulds are probably the most common source of indoor air pollution, causing allergies, headaches, and respiratory problems.

Fixing cracks, damp-proofing or improving drainage will help correct moisture problems. If water is leaking in from outside, it’s extremely important that it is corrected.
In order to achieve effective ventilation within a room, the openings through which air exits the house should be larger than those where it enters. Ventilation openings should be in excess of 10 per cent of the floor area of each room.

The amount, style, and size of windows are critical, while the placement of most windows depends on movement of air due to outside pressure differences.

smell stale or smelly

Does you home ever smell stale or smelly? A basic answer for indoor air-quality issues is great ventilation. Promontory Living takes a gander at methods for keeping your home surroundings sound and your family free of mold-related afflictions.

home ever

Does you home ever smell stale or musty? A simple solution to indoor air-quality problems is good ventilation. Peninsula Living looks at ways of keeping your home environment healthy and your family free of mould-related ailments.

excessive temperatures down

• Keeping excessive temperatures down. A facility may have minimum and maximum operating temperatures for optimum plant efficiency, for storage and processing of materials and to ensure comfortable working conditions for its staff.
• Providing ventilation whilst avoiding noise from breaking out – this can impact on the local environment.
• Providing ventilation in all weather conditions.
• Providing good indoor air quality, without excessive humidity, dust, fumes or odours.
• Ensuring that there is inlet air to provide sufficient over-pressure to ensure ventilation efficiency and to prevent dust and other external contaminates from infiltrating the building.
• Avoiding the risk of explosion if there is an explosive atmosphere.
• Protecting people, goods, machinery and buildings from the risk of fire, and enabling fire fighting access.

Colt offers

For industrial buildings Colt offers solutions for natural day-to-day ventilation with the optional benefit of smoke ventilation, or hybrid natural and mechanical ventilation systems including evaporative cooling and heating.

The design approach depends on the use of the building. Colt operates in a wide variety of industries, providing tailor made climate control systems to meet the specific requirements of each.

For example, our systems for the food industry need to take account of the need for constant temperature and humidity levels to guarantee food safety.

Our natural ventilation systems are particularly well suited to larger buildings where there are manufacturing processes that produce relatively high levels of heat, such as in glass industry, foundries and power stations, but they are also found in other industries such as plastics and metal working. Infact, our natural ventilation systems can be found where all kinds of manufacturing and storage takes place, including in the food, engineering, chemicals, paper, and mining industries.

Our evaporative cooling systems are often employed in production or storage facilities where conventional air conditioning systems would not be cost-effective, and where natural ventilation cannot provide the required conditions.

building is refurbished

When a building is refurbished, Colt is able to unlock considerable potential for improvements in energy performance, fire safety and appearance. Colt experts can carry out detailed surveys to identify the necessary adaptations and upgrades to optimise the system's effectiveness and performance.

Colt industrial ventilation systems

Colt industrial ventilation systems

Our industrial ventilation systems harness the natural elements to create ideal internal working conditions in industry. We design ventilation systems that ensure that temperatures remain at the desired level and that productivity is enhanced.

California Air Resources

In September 2007, the California Air Resources Board announced a ban of in-home ozone producing air purifiers. This law, which took effect in 2009, will require testing and certification of all types of air purifiers to verify that they do not generate excessive ozone. This ban does not affect shock treatment ozone generators for commercial and industrial use.

Ozone generator

Ozone generators used for shock treatments (unoccupied rooms) which are needed by smoke, mold, and odor remediation contractors as well as crime scene cleanup companies to oxidize and permanently remove smoke, mold, and odor damage are considered a valuable and effective tool when used correctly for commercial and industrial purposes. However, there is a growing body of evidence that these machines can produce undesirable by-products.^[22]

Ozone

Ozone can damage the lungs, causing chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath and throat irritation. It can also worsen chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and compromise the ability of the body to fight respiratory infections—even in healthy people. People who have asthma and allergy are most prone to the adverse effects of high levels of ozone.^[19] For example, increasing ozone concentrations to unsafe levels can increase the risk of asthma attacks.

consumer concerns

consumer concerns[edit]

Other aspects of air cleaners are hazardous gaseous by-products, noise level, frequency of filter replacement, electrical consumption, and visual appeal. Ozone production is typical for air ionizing purifiers. Although high concentration of ozone is dangerous, most air ionizers produce low amounts (<0.05> ppm). The noise level of a purifier can be obtained through a customer service department and is usually reported in decibels (dB). The noise levels for most purifiers are low compared to many other home appliances.^{[citation needed]}Frequency of filter replacement and electrical consumption are the major operation costs for any purifier. There are many types of filters; some can be cleaned by water, by hand or by vacuum cleaner, while others need to be replaced every few months or years. In the United States, some purifiers are certified as Energy Star and are energy efficient.

Polarized-Media Electronic Air Cleaners

• Polarized-Media Electronic Air Cleaners use an active electronically-enhanced media to combine elements of both electronic air cleaners and passive mechanical filters. Most Polarized-Media Electronic Air Cleaners convert 24 volt current to safe DC voltage to establish the polarized electric field. Airborne particles become polarized as they pass through the electric field and adhere to a disposable fiber media pad. Ultra-fine particles (UFPs) that are not collected on their initial pass through the media pad are polarized and agglomerate to other particles, odor and VOC molecules and are collected on subsequent passes. The efficiency of Polarized-Media Electronic Air Cleaners increases as they load, providing high efficiency filtration with air resistance typically equal to or less than passive filters. Polarized-media technology is non-ionizing which means no ozone is produced.

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation

• Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation - UVGI can be used to sterilize air that passes UV lamps via forced air. Air purification UVGI systems can be freestanding units with shielded UV lamps that use a fan to force air past the UV light. Other systems are installed in forced air systems so that the circulation for the premises moves micro-organisms past the lamps. Key to this form of sterilization is placement of the UV lamps and a good filtration system to remove the dead micro-organisms. For example, forced air systems by design impede line-of-sight, thus creating areas of the environment that will be shaded from the UV light. However, a UV lamp placed at the coils and drainpan of cooling system will keep micro-organisms from forming in these naturally damp places. The most effective method for treating the air rather than the coils is in-line duct systems, these systems are placed in the center of the duct and parallel to the air flow.

Thermodynamic sterilization (TSS)

• Thermodynamic sterilization (TSS) - This technology uses heat sterilization via a ceramic core with micro capillaries, which are heated to 200 °C (392 °F). It is claimed that 99.9% of microbiological particles - bacteria, viruses, dust mite allergens, mold and fungus spores - are incinerated.^[3] The air passes through the ceramic core by the natural process of air convection, and is then cooled using heat transfer plates and released. TSS is not a filtering technology, as it does not trap or remove particles.^[4] TSS is claimed not to emit harmful by-products (although the byproducts of partial thermal decomposition are not addressed) and also reduces the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere.^[5]

Insulation

Insulation

A well-insulated home will retain heat in winter and keep heat out in summer. Ceiling insulation is particularly important to keep the hot sun from overheating your home - and painting your roof a light colour will reflect sunlight, meaning that less heat penetrates through the ceiling.

Don’t forget your windows when you think about insulation.  Double glazing, low emissivity glass and tinted glass all help keep the heat out as well as keeping the warmth in.

See Insulation and Glazing for more.

Adjustable shading options

Adjustable shading options

Adjustable shading provides flexibility. It can be especially useful where you need to deal with low-angle morning or evening sun.

External shading options stop the sun getting to your windows at all - these will keep your home cooler, but thick thermal-lined curtains can still be effective, especially with a window open to let the heat back out.

Adjustable shading options include:

• manually-adjustable louvres
• shutters
• thick thermal-lined curtains
• sliding screens
• retractable awnings and sails
• removable shades that can be taken down at the end of summer.

Adjustable shading may be combined with fixed eaves or pergolas to provide deep shade in summer, but allow winter sun into these areas.

Actively adjust your shading to keep your home cool. For example, if you have curtains:

• adjust east-facing curtains to keep out all morning sun but open them in the afternoon to let in some light
• close west-facing curtains and blinds to keep out hot afternoon sun
• if you'll be out all day in summer, leave the curtains closed. 

Fixed shading options

Fixed shading options

Fixed shading options include:

• eaves
• pergolas
• fixed louvres
• covered balconies (note: a balcony on the north side of your home could block winter sun).

Eave design

Eaves should be designed to let as much sun as possible into your home in winter (when the sun is low in the sky) but keep the sun out in summer (when it's higher in the sky). The exact design of the eaves will depend on the amount of glazing in your home, which way it faces and the amount of direct sunlight you want to come into your home.

The booklet Designing Comfortable Homes gives you information to calculate how deep your eaves need to be for winter sun and summer shade.

Shading

Shading

Shading should be designed to take into account the sun's path in summer and winter on your site. The sun travels higher in the sky in summer, so shading can be designed to keep summer sun out but let winter sun in. The easiest way to check the sun’s path is by observation, but you can also get sun path diagrams which map the path of the sun across the sky at different times during the day throughout the year.

While your exact needs will vary according to your site and climate, most people will want to:

• shade high-angle summer sun from the north
• shade low-angle summer sun from the east and west
• let low-angle winter sun into your home from all directions.

In general, you'll need some form of shading above doors and windows on the east, north and west side of the house - but the size and type will depend on your circumstances.

When should you think about passive cooling?

When should you think about passive cooling?

Planning a home or renovation

If you are building or renovating, passive cooling should be considered early in the design process.

Good design should strike a balance between the need to keep your home warm in winter, the need to keep it cool in summer and the need to provide ventilation to bring fresh, healthy air into your home. So passive cooling should be considered alongside Passive heating and Ventilationoptions.

In your existing home

Many passive cooling options can be easily added to existing homes. Simple but effective options include using plants or blinds to provide shade.

Another way to improve passive cooling in an existing home is by installing extra insulation - the investment will be worthwhile.

Solar or electric-powered roof ventilation

Solar or electric-powered roof ventilation

These simple fan, duct and vent systems take hot air from the top of your home or roof space out through the roof.  Solar-powered systems are available that cost nothing to run.

Whole house ventilation systems

Whole house ventilation systems can be useful to bring in fresh air and combat condensation in modern airtight houses. There are two main types of whole house ventilation systems:

• Positive pressure / Roof cavity ventilation systems
• Balanced pressure / Heat recovery ventilation systems.

Positive pressure / Roof cavity ventilation systems

Positive pressure or roof cavity ventilation systems are the most common type available in New Zealand. They bring filtered air from the roof space into the house through a single, or multiple, ceiling vents. This forces the stale air to leak out through gaps, windows and doors. The performance of these systems depends on the sizing of the fans, the distribution of the ceiling vents throughout the house and how airtight your home is.

In an airtight house, pushing the filtered air into the house creates a positive pressure inside the house which causes inside air to move out.  However, in draughty houses, there are too many gaps and leakage points - the ventilation system will not be able to force the air into each room of the house.

The ventilation system will also not work properly if the roof space is not properly sealed from the inside of the house (for example, if you have downlights).  The stale indoor air will leak back into the roof and be pumped back into the house again.
Ventilation systems should bring fresh air into the house, but your roof space may be polluted by dust, mould and vermin. Most systems are fitted with filters - the quality of the air entering the house depends on the filter type and whether you regularly change or clean filters.

Extractor fans/range hoods

Extractor fans/range hoods

Extractor fans quickly remove moist air from bathrooms, toilets and laundries. Range hoods do the same job for kitchens.

It's important to choose the right-sized fan for the job. A fan that's too small won't remove enough moist air to keep your home dry. A fan that's too large can create draughts. For a typical bathroom or toilet a ventilation rate of 25 litres per second should suffice. For more information see Table B1 in AS 166 part 2.

Extractor fans should be placed as close to the moisture source as possible. They must be vented to the outside or the moist air will end up in your roof space, damaging your insulation and roof supports (see Moisture for more).

Because extractor fans remove moist air but don't bring in fresh air to replace it, you'll need some other way of getting fresh air into the room. By placing air vents on the opposite side of the room from the extractor fan, or slightly opening doors or windows, you can encourage air flow.

Solar or electric-powered roof ventilation

Balanced pressure / Heat recovery systems

Balanced pressure / Heat recovery systems

Balanced pressure / Heat recovery ventilation systems are particularly suitable for homes in colder areas of the country, if they are already well heated and if they are reasonably airtight.

These systems have two fans: an intake fan which supplies fresh outdoor air into the house through several ceiling vents; and an exhaust fan which takes stale air from inside the house and discharges it to the outside. An air-to-air heat exchanger (usually in the roof space) transfers heat from the inside air to the incoming fresh air from outside. In this way, most of the heat is recovered.

Some products include additional features to utilise heat in the roof space when it is available on sunny winter days, or to avoid warming incoming fresh air in summer when it is hot.

To ventilate effectively, these systems need gaps or vents in internal doors so that air can flow through all areas of the house between the intake and exhaust.

In winter, the heat exchanger transfers a portion of the heat in the warm exhaust air to the colder outdoor air, thus reducing the heat loss associated with the ventilation. To be effective, the house should be airtight so that almost all ventilation air passes through the heat exchanger, rather than being leaked out through draughts.
Heat recovery systems provide good fresh air ventilation but they are not a heating system.  However, they can recover between 67–95% of the heat from the inside air which means that the fresh air coming in will be warmer. This means you will need less heating to warm your home.

Access and Patching Tools

Access and Patching Tools:

While existing openings should be used for access whenever possible,it still will be necessary to create access opening. Access openings can be made using tin snips, hole cutters or other tools.

After cleaning is completed, these openings are patched using reusable doors or with sheet metal, screws, duct tape, and sealants.

Agitation Devices

Agitation Devices:

Simply putting a section of duct under negative pressure is not sufficient to clean the duct. Agitation of the contaminants is required to loosen debris and send it into the airstream created by the negative-air machine.

There are three generally accepted agitation methods in use today.

1. Manual agitation by means of contact vacuuming requires physical access to all surfaces, which is gained by reaching through access openings or entering the duct system. Spin Door Access Duct Fan Brush

2. A variety of air nozzles, called "skipper nozzles," dislodge debris from the duct surfaces. A portable air compressor is required to use skipper nozzles. There can be doubts as to whether all surfaces were cleaned as skipper heads do not contact all of the internal duct.

3. A rotary brush cleaner consist of a brush or other cleaning head spinning on the end of a motor- driven shaft. Most of these devices use a flexible shaft to ease operation and to accommodate bends in the ducts themselves.

Most duct-cleaning jobs require the use of a combination of these agitation devices.

Proper cleaning procedures ensure that the operator and surrounding area are clean when the job is finished. Rotary Duct-Cleaning System uses a cleaning brush mounted to the tip of a flexible shaft. As the shaft rotates inside its casing, the operator feeds the rotating shaft assembly through the duct, loosening debris.

Tools and Techniques

Tools and Techniques

Wherever the system to be cleaned is located, taking on a duct cleaning job carries with it some important responsibilities. Without the use of proper duct cleaning tools and techniques, complete source removal of contaminants will not be accomplished and serious problems can result.

The following is a run down of the most widely used duct cleaning equipment and techniques employed today.

Home ventilation

Home ventilation is important for the quality of your indoor air. It is important to clean your vents regularly to prevent allergens and mold from entering the home. Clean your ducts when you see mold growing from the air ducts, when you know there are mice or rats in the ventilation leaving their droppings or the ventilation unit is clogged with debris and no air is escaping.

Air Hygiene Assessment service

Air Hygiene Assessment servicAir Hygiene Assessment servThe objective of this assessment is to confirm the overall hygienic condition of the kitchen extract ventilation system.

A Guardian Air Hygiene assessment includes the following:

• An introduction to the site, the system, and the objective of the assessment.
• An Executive Summary of our findings from the system(s) inspected.
• A System(s) Assessment including; system condition: system access; system deposit limits: Wet Film Thickness Tests (W.F.T.T.) as a mean measurement across the system, (these results are for comparison against the industry recognised grease deposit limit guidelines set out in HVCA TR19 Section 7 Table 9); photographic evidence of our findings.
• Specific Recommendations regarding System(s) Improvements, including required frequency of cleaning based on the type of cooking and level of system usage so that surface grease deposit limits do not exceed those set out in HVCA TR19 Section 7 Table 9.
• Basic System Schematic Diagram
• Any supporting and relevant Technical Information.

Ventilation Cleaning

Ventilation Cleaning

At Guardian Air Hygiene we recognise and adhere to the industry legislation, approved codes of practice (ACOP), regulations and guidance.

The regulations and controls affecting ventilation hygiene include:

• HVCA TR/19 Guide to Good Practice Internal Cleanliness of Ventilation Systems 2005
• The Workplace (Health, Safety and Workplace) Regulations 1992
• The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
• The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)